涵盖词汇： 约 160 个核心社会相关词汇
本资料系统梳理了雅思考试中与“社会”话题密切相关的重点词汇，涵盖社会结构、社会问题、社会变迁、社会关系、文化、教育、科技与社会、政府与政策、全球化等多个维度。每个词条包含英文单词/短语、词性、英文释义、中文释义、用法介绍及中英双语例句，助力您在写作和口语中精准、流利地探讨复杂的社会议题。
1. Society [n.]
A large group of people living together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things and sharing a common culture.
社会 【 最核心的词汇，指人类群体及其组织方式。 】
Modern society faces numerous challenges, including inequality and climate change.
现代社会面临着诸多挑战，包括不平等和气候变化。
2. Community [n.]
A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common.
社区，共同体 【 可指地理社区或兴趣/身份共同体。 】
Strong community ties foster a sense of belonging and mutual support.
强大的社区联系培养了归属感和相互支持。
3. Social Structure [n.]
The organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society.
社会结构 【 指社会的组织框架。 】
Social structure includes institutions like family, education, and government.
社会结构包括家庭、教育和政府等机构。
4. Social Class [n.]
A division of society based on social and economic status.
社会阶层
Social mobility between different classes can be limited in some societies.
在某些社会中，不同阶层之间的社会流动性可能有限。
5. Upper Class [n.]
The social class consisting of the wealthiest and most powerful members of society.
上层阶级
Members of the upper class often have access to exclusive education and networks.
上层阶级成员通常能获得精英教育和人脉。
6. Middle Class [n.]
The social class between the upper and working classes, often associated with white-collar jobs and moderate income.
中产阶级
The middle class is often seen as the backbone of a stable economy.
中产阶级通常被视为稳定经济的支柱。
7. Working Class [n.]
The social class of people who do physical or industrial work, often for low wages.
工人阶级
Working-class families may face challenges in accessing higher education.
工人阶级家庭在获得高等教育方面可能面临挑战。
8. Underclass [n.]
A group in society that is considered to be below the working class, often experiencing long-term unemployment and poverty.
下层阶级
Addressing the needs of the underclass requires comprehensive social programs.
解决下层阶级的需求需要全面的社会项目。
9. Poverty [n.]
The state of being extremely poor.
贫困
Poverty is a complex issue influenced by economic, social, and political factors.
贫困是一个受经济、社会和政治因素影响的复杂问题。
10. Wealth [n.]
An abundance of valuable possessions or money.
财富
The gap between wealth and poverty is widening in many countries.
许多国家的贫富差距正在扩大。
11. Inequality [n.]
The state of not being equal, especially in status, rights, or opportunities.
不平等 【 常与 social, economic, income, gender 等词搭配。 】
Social inequality can lead to social unrest and hinder economic development.
社会不平等可能导致社会动荡并阻碍经济发展。
12. Disparity [n.]
A great difference or inequality.
差异，差距 【 与 inequality 近义，常指具体领域的差距。 】
There is a significant disparity in healthcare access between urban and rural areas.
城市和农村地区在医疗保健可及性方面存在显著差距。
13. Marginalization [n.]
The process of pushing a person or group to the edge of a society and reducing their importance.
边缘化
Ethnic minorities often face marginalization in employment and housing.
少数民族在就业和住房方面常常面临边缘化。
14. Minority Group [n.]
A group of people who are different from the majority in terms of race, religion, or other characteristics.
少数群体
Protecting the rights of minority groups is essential for a just society.
保护少数群体的权利对于公正社会至关重要。
15. Majority Group [n.]
The group in a society that is larger in number or holds the most power.
多数群体
The majority group's culture often dominates national media.
多数群体的文化通常主导国家媒体。
16. Demographics [n.]
Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
人口统计学
Understanding changing demographics is crucial for urban planning.
了解不断变化的人口统计数据对于城市规划至关重要。
17. Population Growth [n.]
The increase in the number of people living in a particular area.
人口增长
Rapid population growth can strain resources and infrastructure.
快速的人口增长会加剧资源和基础设施的压力。
18. Aging Population [n.]
A population with a high proportion of older people.
老龄化人口
The aging population presents challenges for pension and healthcare systems.
老龄化人口对养老金和医疗保健系统构成挑战。
19. Youth [n.]
Young people as a group.
青年（群体）
Investing in youth education is an investment in the nation's future.
投资青年教育就是投资国家的未来。
1. Social Problem [n.]
A condition that negatively affects the well-being of individuals or society as a whole.
社会问题
Crime, poverty, and pollution are major social problems.
犯罪、贫困和污染是主要的社会问题。
2. Crime [n.]
Illegal activities considered collectively.
犯罪
High crime rates can deter investment and tourism.
高犯罪率会阻碍投资和旅游业。
3. Criminal [n.]
A person who has committed a crime.
罪犯
Rehabilitation programs aim to help criminals reintegrate into society.
康复计划旨在帮助罪犯重新融入社会。
4. Violence [n.]
Behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill.
暴力
Domestic violence is a serious social issue affecting many families.
家庭暴力是影响许多家庭的严重社会问题。
5. Discrimination [n.]
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people.
歧视 【 常与 racial, gender, age, religious 等词搭配。 】
Racial discrimination violates fundamental human rights.
种族歧视侵犯了基本人权。
6. Prejudice [n.]
Preconceived opinion not based on reason or actual experience.
偏见
Overcoming prejudice requires education and intercultural dialogue.
克服偏见需要教育和跨文化对话。
7. Stereotype [n.]
A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
刻板印象
Stereotypes about gender roles can limit career choices.
关于性别角色的刻板印象会限制职业选择。
8. Unemployment [n.]
The state of being without a job.
失业
High unemployment can lead to increased poverty and social unrest.
高失业率可能导致贫困加剧和社会动荡。
9. Homelessness [n.]
The state of having no home or regular place to live.
无家可归
Providing affordable housing is key to tackling homelessness.
提供负担得起的住房是解决无家可归问题的关键。
10. Social Exclusion [n.]
The process of being shut out from the social, economic, political, or cultural systems that determine the social integration of a person.
社会排斥
Social exclusion prevents individuals from fully participating in society.
社会排斥阻止个人充分参与社会。
11. Addiction [n.]
A condition of being physically or mentally dependent on a substance or activity.
成瘾
Drug addiction is a complex social and health issue.
药物成瘾是一个复杂的社会和健康问题。
12. Substance Abuse [n.]
The harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances.
药物滥用
Substance abuse can devastate families and communities.
药物滥用会摧毁家庭和社区。
13. Alcoholism [n.]
Addiction to alcohol.
酒精成瘾
Alcoholism is a significant public health concern.
酒精成瘾是一个重要的公共卫生问题。
14. Gambling Addiction [n.]
Compulsive gambling despite harmful negative consequences.
赌博成瘾
Gambling addiction can lead to financial ruin and relationship breakdowns.
赌博成瘾可能导致财务崩溃和关系破裂。
15. Domestic Abuse [n.]
Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse that occurs within a household.
家庭虐待
Victims of domestic abuse often need safe shelters and counseling.
家庭虐待的受害者通常需要安全的庇护所和咨询。
16. Child Abuse [n.]
Cruel or violent treatment of a child.
儿童虐待
Preventing child abuse requires vigilance from communities and professionals.
预防儿童虐待需要社区和专业人士的警惕。
17. Elder Abuse [n.]
Mistreatment of older people, often by caregivers or family members.
虐待老人
Elder abuse is a hidden problem that needs greater awareness.
虐待老人是一个需要更多关注的隐蔽问题。
18. Cyberbullying [n.]
The use of electronic communication to bully a person.
网络欺凌
Cyberbullying can have severe psychological effects on teenagers.
网络欺凌会对青少年产生严重的心理影响。
19. Social Isolation [n.]
A state of complete or near-complete lack of contact between an individual and society.
社会孤立
Social isolation is particularly common among the elderly living alone.
社会孤立在独居老人中尤为常见。
20. Urban Decay [n.]
The deterioration of a city or part of a city, characterized by abandoned buildings and high crime rates.
城市衰败
Government investment is needed to reverse urban decay.
需要政府投资来扭转城市衰败。
21. Gentrification [n.]
The process of renovating and improving a neighborhood so that it conforms to middle-class tastes, often displacing poorer residents.
绅士化
While gentrification improves infrastructure, it can also lead to the displacement of long-term residents.
尽管绅士化改善了基础设施，但也可能导致长期居民流离失所。
1. Social Change [n.]
Significant alteration of social structures and cultural patterns in society.
社会变迁
Technology and globalization are major drivers of social change.
技术和全球化是社会变迁的主要驱动力。
2. Modernization [n.]
The process of adapting to modern ways, especially in industry, technology, and social organization.
现代化
Modernization has brought both progress and new social challenges.
现代化带来了进步，也带来了新的社会挑战。
3. Urbanization [n.]
The process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live in them.
城市化
Rapid urbanization in developing countries strains housing and transportation systems.
发展中国家的快速城市化给住房和交通系统带来压力。
4. Globalization [n.]
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
全球化
Globalization has led to the spread of cultures and increased economic interdependence.
全球化导致了文化的传播和经济相互依赖性的增加。
5. Cultural Homogenization [n.]
The process by which different cultures become similar, often due to globalization.
文化同质化
Critics argue that globalization leads to cultural homogenization, eroding local traditions.
批评者认为，全球化导致文化同质化，侵蚀了地方传统。
6. Cultural Diversity [n.]
The existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
文化多样性
Cultural diversity enriches a society by bringing different perspectives and ideas.
文化多样性通过带来不同的观点和想法丰富了社会。
7. Multiculturalism [n.]
The presence of, or support for, multiple cultural or ethnic groups within a society.
多元文化主义
Canada is often cited as a successful example of multiculturalism.
加拿大常被视为多元文化主义的成功范例。
8. Assimilation [n.]
The process of taking on the cultural norms of another group, often the dominant one.
同化
Complete assimilation can lead to the loss of immigrants' original cultural identity.
完全同化可能导致移民原有文化身份的丧失。
9. Integration [n.]
The process of becoming a part of a group or society.
融合
Successful integration of immigrants benefits both the individuals and the host society.
移民的成功融合对个人和东道国社会都有益。
10. Migration [n.]
The movement of people from one place to another, especially to live in another country.
迁移，移民
Economic migration is driven by the search for better job opportunities.
经济移民是由寻找更好工作机会驱动的。
11. Immigration [n.]
The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.
移民（入境）
Immigration policies vary significantly between countries.
各国的移民政策差异很大。
12. Emigration [n.]
The act of leaving one's own country to live permanently in another.
移民（出境）
Brain drain, caused by emigration of skilled workers, affects some developing nations.
人才外流（由熟练工人外迁引起）影响了一些发展中国家。
13. Refugee [n.]
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
难民
Providing refuge and support for refugees is a humanitarian responsibility.
为难民提供庇护和支持是一项人道主义责任。
14. Asylum Seeker [n.]
A person who flees their home country and applies for protection as a refugee in another country.
寻求庇护者
Asylum seekers often face long and uncertain processes before their status is determined.
寻求庇护者在确定其身份之前常常面临漫长且不确定的过程。
15. Digital Divide [n.]
The gap between those who have ready access to computers and the internet, and those who do not.
数字鸿沟
Bridging the digital divide is essential for equal educational and economic opportunities.
弥合数字鸿沟对于获得平等的教育和经济机会至关重要。
16. Social Media [n.]
Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking.
社交媒体
Social media has transformed the way people communicate and access information.
社交媒体改变了人们交流和获取信息的方式。
17. Virtual Community [n.]
A community of people with common interests who interact with each other primarily via the internet.
虚拟社区
Online gaming communities are a type of virtual community.
在线游戏社区是一种虚拟社区。
18. Remote Work [n.]
Work that is done from a location other than the traditional office, often from home.
远程工作
The rise of remote work has changed urban commuting patterns.
远程工作的兴起改变了城市通勤模式。
1. Relationship [n.]
The way in which two or more people, groups, or countries behave towards each other.
关系
Healthy family relationships are crucial for child development.
健康的家庭关系对儿童发展至关重要。
2. Family [n.]
A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
家庭
The traditional nuclear family is no longer the only common family structure.
传统的核心家庭不再是最常见的家庭结构。
3. Nuclear Family [n.]
A family unit consisting of parents and their children.
核心家庭
The nuclear family is often seen as the basic unit of society.
核心家庭通常被视为社会的基本单位。
4. Extended Family [n.]
A family that includes close relatives in addition to parents and children (e.g., grandparents, aunts, uncles).
大家庭
In many cultures, the extended family provides important support.
在许多文化中，大家庭提供重要的支持。
5. Marriage [n.]
The legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship.
婚姻
Attitudes towards marriage have changed significantly in recent decades.
近几十年来，人们对婚姻的态度发生了显著变化。
6. Divorce [n.]
The legal dissolution of a marriage.
离婚
The divorce rate has fluctuated over the years.
离婚率多年来有所波动。
7. Single-parent Family [n.]
A family headed by one parent, either divorced, widowed, or never married.
单亲家庭
Single-parent families may face unique financial and emotional challenges.
单亲家庭可能面临独特的财务和情感挑战。
8. Childcare [n.]
The care and supervision of children, especially by someone other than their parents.
儿童保育
Accessible and affordable childcare enables more parents to work.
便捷且负担得起的儿童保育使更多父母能够工作。
9. Friendship [n.]
A state of mutual trust and support between friends.
友谊
True friendship is built on honesty and shared experiences.
真正的友谊建立在诚实和共同经历的基础上。
10. Peer Group [n.]
A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common.
同龄群体
Peer group pressure can influence teenagers' behavior and choices.
同龄群体压力会影响青少年的行为和选择。
11. Social Interaction [n.]
The process by which people communicate and relate to one another.
社会互动
Positive social interactions contribute to mental well-being.
积极的社会互动有助于心理健康。
12. Communication [n.]
The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.
沟通
Effective communication is key to resolving conflicts.
有效沟通是解决冲突的关键。
13. Empathy [n.]
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
同理心
Cultivating empathy can reduce prejudice and conflict.
培养同理心可以减少偏见和冲突。
14. Altruism [n.]
The belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.
利他主义
Acts of altruism, like volunteering, strengthen community bonds.
利他行为（如志愿服务）加强了社区联系。
15. Volunteer [n.]
A person who freely offers to take part in an enterprise or undertake a task.
志愿者
Many people volunteer their time to help charitable organizations.
许多人自愿奉献时间帮助慈善组织。
16. Charity [n.]
The practice of giving help, typically in the form of money, to those in need.
慈善
Donations to charity can make a real difference to people's lives.
捐赠慈善事业可以真正改变人们的生活。
17. Social Cohesion [n.]
The degree of social integration and inclusion in communities and society.
社会凝聚力
High levels of social cohesion contribute to a stable and peaceful society.
高水平的社会凝聚力有助于稳定和平的社会。
18. Social Capital [n.]
Networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.
社会资本
Trust and cooperation are key components of social capital.
信任与合作是社会资本的关键组成部分。
1. Culture [n.]
The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.
文化
Cultural exchange promotes mutual understanding between nations.
文化交流促进国家间的相互理解。
2. Tradition [n.]
A custom or belief that has been established for a long time.
传统
Many traditions are passed down from generation to generation.
许多传统代代相传。
3. Custom [n.]
A practice followed by people in a particular society.
风俗
Greeting customs vary widely across cultures.
各文化的问候风俗大相径庭。
4. Value [n.]
Principles or standards of behavior; one's judgment of what is important in life.
价值观
Family values play a significant role in shaping individual behavior.
家庭价值观在塑造个人行为方面发挥着重要作用。
5. Norm [n.]
A standard or pattern, especially of social behavior, that is typical or expected within a group.
规范
Social norms regarding gender roles are changing.
关于性别角色的社会规范正在改变。
6. Belief [n.]
Something one accepts as true or real.
信仰，信念
Religious beliefs are protected under freedom of religion.
宗教信仰受宗教自由保护。
7. Religion [n.]
The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.
宗教
Freedom of religion is a fundamental human right.
宗教自由是一项基本人权。
8. Secular [adj.]
Not connected with religious or spiritual matters.
世俗的
Secular societies separate religion from state affairs.
世俗社会将宗教与国家事务分开。
9. Education [n.]
The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university.
教育
Access to quality education is a key factor in social mobility.
获得优质教育是社会流动性的关键因素。
10. Literacy [n.]
The ability to read and write.
读写能力
Improving literacy rates is crucial for national development.
提高识字率对国家发展至关重要。
11. Higher Education [n.]
Education at a college or university level.
高等教育
Higher education provides specialized knowledge and skills.
高等教育提供专业知识和技能。
12. Lifelong Learning [n.]
The ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional reasons.
终身学习
Lifelong learning is essential in a rapidly changing job market.
在快速变化的就业市场中，终身学习至关重要。
13. Technology [n.]
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
技术
Technological advancements have revolutionized communication.
技术进步彻底改变了通信方式。
14. Innovation [n.]
A new method, idea, product, etc.
创新
Encouraging innovation drives economic growth.
鼓励创新推动经济增长。
15. Automation [n.]
The use of largely automatic equipment in a system of manufacturing or other production processes.
自动化
Automation is replacing many routine jobs.
自动化正在取代许多常规工作。
16. Artificial Intelligence (AI) [n.]
The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence.
人工智能 (AI)
AI has the potential to transform healthcare and education.
人工智能有潜力改变医疗保健和教育。
17. Digital Technology [n.]
Electronic tools, systems, devices, and resources that generate, store, or process data.
数字技术
Digital technology is integral to modern life.
数字技术是现代生活不可或缺的一部分。
18. Information Age [n.]
A period in human history characterized by the shift from industrial production to information and knowledge-based economies.
信息时代
We are living in the Information Age, where data is a valuable resource.
我们生活在信息时代，数据是一种宝贵的资源。
1. Government [n.]
The group of people with the authority to govern a country or state.
政府
The government is responsible for providing public services.
政府负责提供公共服务。
2. Policy [n.]
A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual.
政策
Social policies aim to improve the well-being of citizens.
社会政策旨在改善公民福祉。
3. Public Policy [n.]
A policy decided by the government for the benefit of the public.
公共政策
Effective public policy is needed to address climate change.
需要有效的公共政策来应对气候变化。
4. Legislation [n.]
Laws, considered collectively.
立法
New legislation was passed to protect consumer rights.
通过了新的立法来保护消费者权利。
5. Regulation [n.]
A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.
法规，监管
Environmental regulations help reduce pollution.
环境法规有助于减少污染。
6. Social Welfare [n.]
Government programs designed to assist citizens in need.
社会福利
Social welfare systems provide support for the unemployed and elderly.
社会福利系统为失业者和老年人提供支持。
7. Taxation [n.]
The practice of imposing a tax.
税收
Taxation funds public services like healthcare and education.
税收为医疗保健和教育等公共服务提供资金。
8. Equality [n.]
The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
平等
Gender equality is a fundamental principle of a fair society.
性别平等是公正社会的基本原则。
9. Justice [n.]
Just behavior or treatment.
正义
Social justice aims to create a fair and equitable society.
社会正义旨在创造一个公平公正的社会。
10. Human Rights [n.]
Basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
人权
Protecting human rights is a responsibility of every government.
保护人权是每个政府的责任。
11. Civil Rights [n.]
The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
公民权利
The civil rights movement fought for racial equality.
民权运动为种族平等而斗争。
12. Democracy [n.]
A system of government by the whole population or all eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
民主
Democracy allows citizens to have a voice in how they are governed.
民主使公民能够对治理方式发表意见。
13. Authoritarianism [n.]
A form of government in which power is concentrated in a leader or a small elite group.
威权主义
Authoritarian regimes often suppress political dissent.
威权政权常常压制政治异议。
14. Globalization [n.]
(见 3. 社会变迁与趋势)
全球化
Globalization has interconnected economies and cultures worldwide.
全球化使世界经济和文化相互联系。
15. International Cooperation [n.]
Collaboration between nations to address common challenges.
国际合作
International cooperation is vital for tackling global issues like pandemics.
国际合作对于应对大流行病等全球问题至关重要。
16. Sustainable Development [n.]
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
可持续发展
Sustainable development balances economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection.
可持续发展平衡经济增长、社会包容和环境保护。
17. Environmental Degradation [n.]
The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources, destruction of ecosystems, etc.
环境退化
Environmental degradation poses a threat to human societies.
环境退化对人类社会构成威胁。
18. Climate Change [n.]
Long-term alteration in Earth's climate, particularly a change due to increased levels of carbon dioxide produced by human activity.
气候变化
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity.
气候变化是人类面临的最大挑战之一。
19. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) [n.]
A company's sense of responsibility towards the community and environment in which it operates.
企业社会责任 (CSR)
CSR initiatives can improve a company's reputation and contribute to social good.
企业社会责任倡议可以提升公司声誉并促进社会福祉。
主题化学习： 按照本资料的分类进行学习，构建清晰的社会议题知识框架。
理解核心概念： 重点掌握 society, social structure, inequality, change, culture, government, policy, globalization 等核心概念。
区分相关概念： 注意 society vs community, inequality vs disparity, immigration vs emigration, assimilation vs integration, tradition vs custom, policy vs legislation。
掌握搭配 (Collocations)： 学习常用搭配，如 social cohesion, social mobility, social exclusion, tackle social problems, address inequality, implement policies, promote equality, combat discrimination, drive social change。
练习论述： 使用这些词汇就社会话题（如“科技对社会关系的影响”、“政府 vs 个人在解决社会问题中的责任”、“全球化是利是弊”、“教育在促进社会平等中的作用”、“传统价值观在现代社会的存续”）进行深度写作和口语练习。
关注因果关系与影响： 在论述中清晰表达社会问题（如贫困、失业）的原因、后果以及政策或社会变迁（如城市化、技术进步）的影响。
拓展阅读： 阅读社会学文章、新闻报道（如 The Guardian, BBC News）、联合国报告（如 UNDP Human Development Report）或社会评论，接触真实语境和复杂的社会辩论。